For Egypt, particularly, previous studies on labour market and poverty revealed that the unemployed are not necessarily the poor or the illiterate, and rather, the overwhelming majority of the unemployed are certificate holders. Meanwhile the informal sector has been increasingly growing and absorbing high percentage of poor workers working informally. Without social protection, with low wages, low productivity, and working under bad conditions. This is not surprising given that, too often, the poor cannot afford to be without work and must reconcile with whatever type of employment opportunities are available. Thus, effective poverty reduction policies must also target under-employment and informal employment.